Skip to Main Content

Nursing (Hospital) Guide

Selected EBP Web Sites

Two options for links, resources, and tools for evidence-based practice questions.

EBP Databases

The Cochrane Library is a subscription and available to the UAA community only.  The other resources are freely available to all.

EBP Journals

Full text articles are available to the UAA community from these journals.

Levels of Evidence

Level 1     Systematic reviews or meta-analyses
Level 2     Randomized controlled trials
Level 3     a. Cohort studies (with control group)
                  b. Case-controlled 
                  c. Observational studies (without control group)
Level 4     Expert opinion, physiology bench research, or consensus

More at Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine

Dr Joseph F Smith Medical Library, Aspirus

PICOS

Use PICOS to develop a clear idea what information you are seeking. PICOS was developed by faculty at McMaster University.

P Population/Patient/Problem For which group do you need information?
I Intervention What medical event do you need to study the effect of?
C Comparison What is the evidence that the intervention produces different results than a different or no intervention?
O Outcome What is the effect of the intervention?
S Setting/Study Type Where is the research done (e.g., ambulatory setting) or type of study (e.g., RCT)?
T Time What are the time factors?

 

 

 

 

 

 

Search MEDLINE/PubMed via PICO

PICOS Worksheet

Article Links

Evidence-Based Practice, Step by Step

Click the above link to go to the entire series of articles from the American Journal of Nursing.  The purpose of this new series is to give nurses the knowledge and skills they need to implement EBP consistently, one step at a time. Individual articles follow:

 Melnyk, B. M., Fineout-Overholt, E., Stillwell, S. B., & Williamson, K. M. (2009). Evidence-based practice: Step by step. Igniting a spirit of inquiry: An essential foundation for evidence-based practice: How nurses can build the knowledge and skills they need to implement ERP. American Journal of Nursing, 109(11), 49-52.

Melnyk, B. M., Fineout-Overholt, E., Stillwell, S. B., & Williamson, K. M. (2010). Evidence-based practice: Step by step. The seven steps of evidence-based practice: Following this progressive, sequential approach will lead to improved health care and patient outcomes. American Journal of Nursing, 110(1), 51-53.

 Stillwell, S. B., Fineout-Overholt, E., Melnyk, B. M., & Williamson, K. M. (2010a). Asking the clinical question: A key step in evidence-based practice. American Journal of Nursing, 110(3), 58-61.

 

 Stillwell, S. B., Fineout-Overholt, E., Melnyk, B. M., & Williamson, K. M. (2010b). Evidence-based practice, step by step: Searching for the evidence. American Journal of Nursing, 110(5), 41-47.

 

 Fineout-Overholt, E., Melnyk, B. M., Stillwell, S. B., & Williamson, K. M. (2010a). Evidence-based practice step by step. Critical appraisal of the evidence: Part I: An introduction to gathering, evaluating, and recording the evidence... fifth in a series. American Journal of Nursing, 110(7), 47-52.

 

 Fineout-Overholt, E., Melnyk, B. M., Stillwell, S. B., & Williamson, K. M. (2010b). Evidence-based practice, step by step. Critical appraisal of the evidence: Part II: Digging deeper--examining the "keeper" studies... sixth article in a series. American Journal of Nursing, 110(9), 41-48. doi: 10.1097/01.NAJ.0000388264.49427.f9

 

Fineout-Overholt, E., Melnyk, B. M., Stillwell, S. B., & Williamson, K. M. (2010c). Evidence-based practice, step by step: Critical appraisal of the evidence Part III. American Journal of Nursing, 110(11), 43-51. doi: 10.1097/01.NAJ.0000390523.99066.b5

 

Fineout-Overholt, E., Williamson, K. M., Gallagher-Ford, L.,  Melnyk, B. M., & Stillwell, S. B. (2011). Evidence-based practice, step by step: Following the evidence: Planning for sustainable change. American Journal of Nursing, 111(1), 54-60. DOI: 10.1097/01.NAJ.0000393062.83761.c0

 

Gallagher-Ford, L., Fineout-Overholt, E., Melnyk, B. M., Stillwell, S. B. (2011).  Evidence-based practice, step by step: Implementing an evidence-based practice change. American Journal of Nursing, 111(3), 54-60. doi: 10.1097/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000395243.14347.7e

 

Gallagher-Ford, L., Fineout-Overholt, E., Melnyk, B. M., & Stillwell, S. B.  (2011). Evidence-based practice, step by step: Rolling out the rapid response team .  American Journal of Nursing, 111(5):42-47. doi: 10.1097/01.NAJ.0000398050.30793.0f

 

Fineout-Overholt, E., Gallagher-Ford, L., Mazurek Melnyk, B., & Stillwell, S. B. (2011). Evidence-based practice, step by step: Evaluating and disseminating the impact of an evidence-based intervention: Show and tell. American Journal of Nursing, 111(7), 56-59. doi: 10.1097/01.naj.0000399317.21279.47

Best Practices

Systematic Reviews